TRENDING BIOTECHNOLOGIES ON OESTRUS DETECTION, BREEDING AND REPRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCIES FOR SEASONAL AND NON-SEASONAL BREEDERS

Abstract

Oestrus detection in livestock is reliant on close analysis of behavioural and physical changes on the females in oestrous. The greatest reproductive performance can be achieved optimally as reproduction is directly affected by several management factors effectively operated. More advance techniques are evolving that will be most reliable than the observation of primary signs displayed by the female in response to the male, currently in use. Oestrus detection is a valuable tool for use in artificial insemination techniques, hand mating, and for use in predicting parturition dates. Control of postpartum ovarian activity, control of seasonal breeding, control of multiple births and litter size, pregnancy testing technology, controlling parturition, controlling onset of puberty are connected to manipulation of breeding strategies.Development of novel reproductive biotechnologies are; assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) that includes: artificial insemination (AI), embryo transfer (ET), multiple ovulation embryo transfer (MOET), oestrus synchronization (control) and superovulation, In Vitro Embryo Production- laparoscopic ovum pick up (LOPU), in vitro maturation, fertilization and culture (IVMFC), intra cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), cryopreservation of sperm, oocytes and embryos, sperm and embryo sexing,embryo splitting, embryo cloning, nuclear transfer (NT), gene transfer, gene-edited livestock 'surrogate sires' etc.Oestrus detection signs and aids are numerousas such crucial in livestock reproduction whichpromotesmost favorable breeding and reproductive efficiencies. Seasonal breeders like sheep and goats have diversified products of commercial value. Maximizing reproductive efficiency leads to significant increase in productive ability of seasonal breeder’s number of biotechnological reproductive methods enumerated and newer ones in perspective.